Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine
The “Journal of basic and applied research in biomedicine” was first published in 2015 as “Journal of basic and applied research”. Since 2019, the title of the journal was changed to “Journal of basic and applied research in biomedicine”. It is an independent, international, double-blind peer-reviewed journal with a broad scope that cover all aspects related to biomedical sciences and human health. One volume (since 2023) is published every year and the manuscript is published in electronic format as soon as it is accepted. The journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License and all published articles are freely available.
Protective Effect of Rosmarinic Acid Against Cisplatin-Induced Testicular Damage in Mice via Modulation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis and Restoration of Nrf2/HO-1
Cisplatin (CIS) is a promising chemotherapeutic drug widely utilized for the treatment of several malignancies though its role in inducing testicular injury is established. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenolic whose health benefits are quite well known. This research explored the ability of RA to protect against CIS-induced testicular damage and the different mechanisms involved in this protective role. For this purpose, different groups of mice were given oral doses of RA (25 and 50 mg/kg/day) for two weeks and a single dose of CIS (7mg/Kg) intraperitoneally on the 8th day. CIS administration was found to cause a considerable reduction in sperm parameters like sperm count, viability and motility. It also mediated considerable histopathological changes in parallel to augmented MDA content and reduced GSH content and CAT and SOD activities in testis. Administration of RA in tissues with CIS-induced damage caused attenuation of sperm parameter alterations, indicating protection from testicular damage. RA administration was also found to alleviate NO and MDA levels and antioxidants in mice treated with CIS. An increment in NF-κB 65, TNF-α, IL-1β, Bax and caspase-3 was caused by CIS administration which also reduced Bcl-2 levels in testis. However, RA administration caused suppression of upregulation of NF-κB and concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines together with alleviation of apoptosis in testis. This resulted in the improvement of all sperm parameters. The protective efficacy of RA against CIS-induced testicular damage is quite clear from these results; however, further research in this connection is still required to strengthen the basis for the development of an RA-based therapeutic tool against CIS-induced testicular damage.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Computed Tomography–Based Quantitative Morphometry Reveals Distinct Airway Remodelling in COVID-19 versus Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Purpose: To quantitatively characterize airway structural changes in COVID-19 and compare them to those observed in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), using computed tomography (CT)-based Morphometry. The study aims to evaluate whether COVID-19 and CAP produce distinct patterns of airway remodelling across multiple geometric metrics. Materials and methods: High-resolution chest CT scans from 80 COVID-19 patients (stratified into low- and high-severity subgroups), 38 CAP patients, and 28 healthy controls were analysed. Airway parameters—hydraulic diameter (Dh (mm)), hydraulic ratio (Xh), airway circularity (Cr), and airway thickness (TA (mm))—were measured across the first 5–6 bronchial generations using 3D reconstruction and geodesic labelling. Statistical comparisons employed Kruskal–Wallis and regression analyses. Results: COVID-19 exhibited proximal airway enlargement but distal narrowing, contrasting with CAP’s uniform reduction in airway efficiency (p < 0.01). Xh gradients revealed compensatory adaptation in COVID-19’s major airways (steeper slope in severe cases, p = 0.013) but significant distal dysfunction (−12% Xh vs. CAP, p < 0.001). Circularity showed focal geometric distortion in COVID-19 versus CAP’s homogeneous expansion (p < 0.001). TA (mm) analysis identified diffuse thinning in COVID-19 (vs. CAP’s mild thickening, p = 0.189), with superimposed focal thromboinflammatory thickenings. Conclusions: COVID-19 and CAP induce fundamentally different patterns of airway remodelling. COVID-19 is associated with proximal airway dilation and disrupted distal tapering, whereas CAP results in uniform narrowing. These morphometric profiles may contribute to differences in airflow limitation and ventilation–perfusion mismatch, which could inform disease-specific monitoring, prognostication, and selection of therapeutic strategies. Future research should explore the relationship between these structural signatures and clinical outcomes, including recovery trajectory and long-term pulmonary function.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gihad Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dual Action of Avarol Quinone Terpenoid: Disrupting Cell Wall and Membrane Integrity in Staphylococcus aureus
The rising threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria necessitates the discovery of novel antibacterial agents with distinct mechanisms of action. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of Avarol Quinone Terpenoid (AQT), a polyfunctional compound isolated from the marine sponge Neopetrosia exigua, against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing revealed that AQT exhibits bacteriostatic activity at 2.6 μg/mL and bactericidal activity at 5.2 μg/mL. To further explore its antibacterial mechanism, a series of in vitro assays were performed to assess its impact on bacterial viability, morphology, membrane integrity, and cellular metabolism. Time-kill analysis demonstrated a concentration-dependent reduction in S. aureus viability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed severe morphological alterations in AQT-treated cells, including membrane deformation and collapse. Membrane permeability was significantly increased, as indicated by elevated uptake of crystal violet and propidium iodide dyes. These effects were accompanied by marked leakage of nucleic acids, proteins, potassium, calcium, and ATP, supporting membrane disruption. SDS-PAGE analysis showed reduced total protein content, although lipase activity remained unaffected, suggesting AQT does not inhibit protein synthesis. API Staph tests indicated that AQT inhibited sugar utilization (lactose, maltose, and N-acetylglucosamine) and suppressed arginine dihydrolase activity, potentially impairing ATP generation. Autolysis assays showed increased activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes, consistent with cell wall-targeting antibiotics. Furthermore, membrane depolarization assays using DiSC₃(5) confirmed the dissipation of membrane potential. Collectively, these findings suggest that AQT exerts its antibacterial effects through a multifaceted mechanism targeting both the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane, leading to loss of membrane integrity, energy depletion, and bacterial cell death. AQT thus holds promise as a potential anti-S. aureus therapeutic agent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Idid, Shahbudin Saad, Deny Susanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Body Mass Index Trends in Children and Adolescents on Antiretroviral Therapy in Nigeria: A Prospective Evaluation of Regimen-Specific Effects
Children and adolescents living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (CALHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are susceptible to metabolic changes as they develop into adulthood, including significant variations in body mass index (BMI). This study evaluates the relationship between ART regimens and BMI trends in a cohort of paediatric population, exploring demographic influences and regimen-specific outcomes. This prospective observational study analyzed BMI trends in 147 children and adolescent living with HIV (CALHIV) (aged 2-16 years) on various ART regimens across three clinic visits. Participants were grouped into six ART regimen categories, including DTG- and LPV/r-based therapies. BMI (calculated from weight and height), CD4 counts, and viral load data were collected and analyzed to assess changes over time in each clinic visit. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20, with descriptive statistics and BMI changes assessed across visits; significance was set at p < 0.05. The mean participant age was 10.87±3.64 years, with most (95) aged ≥10 years and a male predominance (85 males, 62 females). BMI increased across all groups, with the TLD regimen showing the highest increase (22.99±3.45, 24.94±4.20, 26.79±4.97; p<0.05). BMI increases were progressive across the 3 visits in the TLD group with a consistent >85th percentile CDC BMI category. Adolescents (mean age: 13 years) had higher BMI, while gender had no significant impact (p=0.48). Despite BMI increases, CD4+ counts remained stable, and viral load was notably higher in ALD and ALE groups, though not statistically significant (p>0.05). Dolutegravir-based ART regimens, particularly TLD, are linked to significant BMI increases while maintaining virological while maintaining immunological stability, with variable viral load outcomes. Routine metabolic monitoring and targeted interventions are essential, especially for adolescents. Future studies should explore long-term metabolic outcomes and ART optimization in pediatric populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Bamisaye, Ewean Chukwuma Omoruyi, Ifedolapo Damilola Ayodele, Olalekan Lateef Samuel, Bukola Bridgette Johnson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Discovering the Therapeutic Potential of Piper Essential Oils: Chemistry and Bioactivities
The genus Piper, a prominent member of the Piperaceae family, encompasses over 2,000 species and is widely distributed, particularly in Southeast Asia. Known for its medicinal and economic significance, several Piper species have been traditionally utilized in their native regions for various purposes. These species thrive in tropical areas, primarily as aromatic shrubs and trees that produce essential oils in significant quantities. Widely valued for their therapeutic properties, these oils are extensively used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Recent studies on Malaysian Piper species have highlighted notable pharmacological activities associated with their essential oils. This review provides an in-depth overview of the medicinal applications, chemical composition, and bioactivities of essential oils from key Piper species. Data were gathered through comprehensive searches of electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, and Google Scholar, along with a library search for peer-reviewed articles. The review focuses on the chemical constituents of Piper essential oils, offering insights into selecting species with optimal chemical profiles for diverse applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syarifah Nadhirah Wan Idrus, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Abubakar Siddiq Salihu, Nurunajah Ab Ghani, Salam Ahmed Abed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Limonene as a Multi-Target Antibiofilm and Quorum Sensing Inhibitor Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common causative pathogen of nosocomial infections, has recently evolved multidrug resistance, creating an urgent demand to develop alternate antimicrobials targeting virulence systems. In this study, we elucidate the inhibitory effects of limonene, a monoterpene abundantly present in citrus essential oils, on biofilm formation and quorum sensing systems of P. aeruginosa. The determination of limonene antibacterial activity determined the MIC to be 0.63 mg/mL. Limonene showed strong antibiofilm activity, inhibiting by 97.18% at MIC, while at sub-MIC (0.078 and 0.039 mg/mL), it also demonstrated good efficacy. Mechanistic analyses revealed that limonene inhibits biofilm formation via the modulation of bacterial aggregation, surface hydrophobicity, swarming motility, and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) release. Under sub-MIC levels, limonene also inhibited important virulence factors like pyocyanin, rhamnolipids, and LasA protease. Additionally, limonene played a role in interrupting quorum sensing communication, as it inhibited violacein biosynthesis by Chromobacterium violaceum and decreased acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) synthesis in P. aeruginosa. High-throughput molecular analysis confirmed massive downregulation of pivotal quorum sensing genes (lasI/R and rhlI/R), ultimately pointing to limonene's remarkable property of interfering with bacterial signaling circuitry. These results highlight limonene as a multi-target pharmacological agent against P. aeruginosa, representing a promising alternative to classical antibiotics. More studies are required to determine its mechanisms of action, effects on other quorum sensing regulated genes, and responsiveness in clinical settings. These findings add to the mounting evidence supporting the use of natural compounds against antibiotic resistance and biofilm-associated infections.
Copyright (c) 2024 Haitham Qaralleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Three Novel Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Stichopus chloronotus with Potent Cytotoxic Activities
This study aimed to isolate the active cytotoxic compounds from Stichopus chloronotus. The isolation process was carried out by using successive separation methods including liquid-liquid partitioning, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), size exclusion chromatography, normal and reverse phase chromatography, and HPLC which had been guided by the cytotoxic assay (MTT). The bioassay guided separation technique led to isolation of three new cytotoxic saponins (A, B, and C), which exhibited positive reactions with Liebermann–Burchard reagent. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on the interpretation of their spectra upon analyzing them with various spectroscopic methods including infra-red spectrophotometry (IR), one and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), in addition to the positive mode of electrospray mass analysis (+ESI-MS). Based on the analysis, the structures of the isolated compounds were concluded as triterpene glycosides composed of holostane type aglycones attached to various sulphated sugar units. The molecular formula of the glycoside A was suggested as C66 H104Na2O36S2 (calculated molecular weight = 1583.62 Da), B as C66H103Na3O40S3 (MW= 1701.66 Da) and glycoside C as C66H100Na4O43S4 (MW= 1801.69 Da). Furthermore, the cytotoxic effects of the isolated glycosides (A, B, and C) were evaluated against various cancer cell lines and found that the glycoside C (IC 50 = 0.9-2.4 µM) was the most potent cytotoxic glycoside, followed by glycoside B (IC 50 = 1.3-2.9 µM) and A (IC50 = 2.4-7.5 µM). These findings, therefore, present S. chloronotus as a promising source of novel cytotoxic saponins with potent anti-cancer activities that require further research into their modes of action and therapeutic applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Osama Althunibat, Ridzwan Hashim, Muhammad Taher, Jamaludin Daud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Xylopia aethiopica on Selected Haematological Parameters in Wistar Rats
Plants do not only serve as a source of food, but, also as a source of shelter, clothing and more importantly as a source of medicines for the treatment of diseases due to their therapeutic virtues. Plants like Xylopia aethiopica otherwise known as Negro pepper or African is used traditionally to treat several diseases and as food and spice in most African countries. It is of public interest to scientifically verify its toxicity and health benefits of this plant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the administration of the leaves and fruits (with and without seeds) extracts of X. aethiopica on haematological parameters in Wistar Rats. The Wistar rats were administered with 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg of hydro-ethanolic extracts of the leaves, fruits with seeds and fruits without seeds extracts by oral gavage for 30 days, 60 days and 90 days while the control group received feeds and water ad libitum. After the treatment periods, rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood collected by cardiac puncture. Full blood count was conducted using Automated Haematology analyser. Data were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. The haemoglobin (Hb) level (p =0.46) and packed cell volume (PCV) (p =0.23) of the rats were not significantly different from controls. But, mean white blood cell count (WBC) (p =0.01) and platelet count (PLT) (p =0.01) were significantly increased in a dose dependent manner after three months’ treatment. The mean WBC was significantly higher amongst the female rats, while mean platelet was higher amongst the male rats when compared with the controls. There was sex dependent increases in WBC and platelet counts among Wistar rats.
Copyright (c) 2024 Loveth Emokpae, Rachel Okojie, Henry Uwumarongie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antimicrobial Compounds from Marine Sponge Neopetrosia exigua
The marine sponge Neopetrosia exigua has shown great potential as a source of bioactive compounds with significant antimicrobial properties. This study applied bioassay-guided fractionation to isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activities of various compounds from N. exigua collected off the coast of Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Methanol extracts were partitioned into different fractions, with dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions exhibiting the most potent antimicrobial activities. Four compounds were isolated: a previously undescribed bisulphate avarol derivative (1), two compounds isolated for the first time from N. exigua isohyrtiosine A (2) and demethylcystalgerone (3) and xestospongien (4), a known compound in N. exigua. The bisulphate avarol derivative (1) showed the most potent antibacterial effect, with the ability to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations as low as 2.6 µg/mL, indicating its potential as a powerful antibacterial agent for drug development. Additionally, it exhibited strong bactericidal activity against Bacillus cereus and fungicidal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Isohyrtiosine A (2), an indole alkaloid, exhibited moderate antimicrobial effects, while xestospongien (4) demonstrated broad-spectrum bacteriostatic activity. Demethylcystalgerone (3), a meroditerpenoid, showed selective activity against Gram-positive bacteria. These findings highlight the potential of N. exigua as a source of novel antimicrobial agents, particularly in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Further research into the mechanisms of action and chemical diversity of sponge-derived compounds could lead to the development of new therapeutic agents for resistant infections.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Idid, Shahbudin Saad, Deny Susanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nanomaterials in Medicine: Advancing Drug Delivery, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics
Nanomaterials have revolutionized various fields of medicine, providing innovative solutions for drug delivery, diagnostics, vaccines, and regenerative therapies. The aim of this review is to explore the diverse applications of nanomaterials in medicine, highlighting their potential to enhance treatment efficacy, improve patient outcomes, and address complex medical challenges. Through successful applications like Doxil and Abraxane, nanotechnology has demonstrated its ability to improve targeted drug delivery, while lipid nanoparticles have played a pivotal role in the development of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. Nanomaterials offer unique advantages, such as their small size, tunable surface properties, and the ability to cross biological barriers, which enable precision therapies and improved diagnostic sensitivity. However, this review also addresses the challenges associated with nanomaterials, including safety concerns, potential toxicity, long-term biodegradability, and the regulatory hurdles that must be overcome for clinical translation. As researchers work to develop biocompatible and biodegradable materials, new opportunities arise in personalized medicine, stimuli-responsive nanomaterials, and theranostics that combine diagnosis and therapy into a single platform. In conclusion, while nanotechnology in medicine offers immense potential for future medical innovations, addressing safety and regulatory challenges will be crucial for the broader adoption of nanomaterials in clinical practice. This review emphasizes the need for continued research and development to realize the full potential of nanomedicine in improving healthcare outcomes globally.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nasreen Kader https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serum Levels of Lead and Selected Acute Phase Proteins in Patients with Substance Use Disorders
Background: Chronic inflammation, immune system dysfunction and elevation in the levels of toxic metals such as lead (Pb) are common observations in patients with substance use disorders (SUD). However, there is little information on the acute phase profile of SUD patients with different serum levels of Pb. Therefore, serum levels of selected acute phase proteins in SUD patients with different serum levels of Pb were determined in this study. Methods: A total of 84 adults consisting of 45 patients with SUDs and 39 controls were enrolled into this case-control study. Serum levels of Pb, albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, bromocresol green (BCG) colorimetric method, and ELISA, respectively. Thereafter, CRP-albumin ratio (CAR) was calculated as appropriate. Results: Serum levels of Pb and albumin were significantly higher in patients with SUDs compared with the controls. Considering variation in acute phase proteins based on Pb level, the serum level of albumin was significantly lower, while the serum CRP level and CAR were slightly higher in patients with SUDs whose Pb level was higher than 5 µg/dL compared with patients whose Pb level was ≤5 µg/dL. No significant differences were observed in the levels of Pb, albumin, CRP, CAR in patients with SUDs who abuse single substance compared with those who abuse multiple substances. Conclusion: SUD is associated with increased serum levels of Pb and albumin, and alteration in the serum levels of acute phase proteins appears to be influenced by the serum Pb level. Therefore, there is the need for routine measurement of Pb level in patients with SUDs as they could benefit from therapeutic interventions involving chelation of Pb which could prevent disordered acute phase responses in the patients and facilitate optimal response to antipsychotics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sheu Rahamon, Mercy Ojediran, Surajudeen Yaqub, James Osikorobia, Oluremi Oladele, Victor Lasebikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation: Antibiofilm Strategies and conventional methods of evaluation.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen known for its ability to form resilient biofilms, which contribute to its persistence in chronic infections and resistance to antimicrobial agents. This review provides a detailed examination of biofilm development stages—attachment, maturation, and dissemination and highlights the role of specific genes in each stage, with a focus on quorum sensing as a key regulatory mechanism governing bacterial communication within biofilms. It also evaluates conventional methods for analyzing P. aeruginosa biofilm phenotypes, discussing their purposes, advantages, and limitations. Accordingly, future research should focus on standardizing protocols, advancing imaging technologies, and targeting biofilm-specific mechanisms. Collaborative efforts across disciplines and translational research will be essential for developing effective therapies. This review aims to deepen our understanding of P. aeruginosa biofilm dynamics and highlight the implications for developing effective therapies against biofilm-associated infections.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sham Ma'aitah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli and Associated Risk Factors Among Camel and Bovine Meat Slaughtered at Jigjiga Municipal Abattoir, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia
A cross-sectional study involving microbiological analysis was conducted from March 2021 to August 2021 in Jigjiga town to isolating and identifying Salmonella and E. coli from raw meats of camels and bovines slaughtered at the Jigjiga municipal abattoir and assessing possible associated related risk factors for the isolates. A total of 384 examined samples for the presence of Salmonella and E. coli. From the total samples examined, 64 (16.7%) and 44 (11.5%. were found to be E. coli and Salmonella positive respectively. Out of the 199 meat samples taken from camel, 31 (15.6%) and 32 (16.1%) were found positive for Salmonella and E. coli respectively while a total 185 meat samples of bovines, 13 (7%) and 32 (17%) were found positive for Salmonella and E. coli, respectively. In the univariable logistic regression analysis result, Salmonella revealed a statistically significant difference among different ages (OR (CI) = 2.36 (1.195–4.679); p-value = 0.013). The multivariable regression analysis showed there was no statistically significant difference between the two sex groups (OR (CI) = 2.01 (0.892–4.544); p = 0.092). In an univariable logistic regression analysis result, the odds of meat contamination in young-aged animals with E. coli were three times higher than in adult animals, showing a statistically significant difference (OR = 2.83 (1.567–5.095; p = 0.001). The prevalence of E. coli was higher in animals with poor body condition (31.9%), followed by medium (15.5%) and good body-conditioned animals (1.8%). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the odds of contamination of samples with E. coli from poor-body condition animals were 22 times higher than samples taken from good-body condition animals (OR (CI) = 21.8 (5.022 - 95.059); p = 0.000). To prevent cross-contamination of Salmonella and E. coli, hygiene must be improved, standardized procedures, and training programs should be implemented. Further studies on molecular characterization and serotyping of these species are also needed.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mustafe Ahmed, Bashir Bashir, Mahamed Abdilahi, Samatar Mahamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Detection of Some Risk Factors of Thromboembolism among Nigerian Women on Hormonal Contraceptives
Hormonal contraceptives are commonly used by women of reproductive age and may be associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism. Any rise in the relative risk of venous thromboembolism related to specific contraceptive formulations could lead to a notably elevated absolute risk. This study seeks to evaluate the potential role of Factor V Leiden (FVL) and Prothrombin G20210A mutations as risk factors for thromboembolism in users of hormonal contraceptives in Benin City. The study population consisted of 50 non-contraceptive users, 50 non-hormonal contraceptive users, 50 progestin-only contraceptive users, and 50 combined oral contraceptive users recruited from Family Planning Clinics in Benin City. Each participant provided aseptically collected venous blood, with 5.0 mL collected in total. 0.5 mL was placed in a container containing 3.1% tri-sodium citrate anticoagulant for the manual determination of Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Additionally, 0.5 mL of venous blood was dispensed into a plain container with 0.25 mL DNA-RNA shield solution for the detection of Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin 20210A gene mutations using PCR Duplex Prothrombin 20210 and Factor V. Data analysis was conducted using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 software. The findings revealed that the overall mutation carriage rate (AA and AG) for the Prothrombin 20210A gene (5%) was more prevalent than FVL (3%) among the subjects. Furthermore, the mean PT and APTT (in seconds) were significantly lower (p<0.001) among women using combined hormonal contraceptives. These findings suggest a potential association between the presence of FVL and FII genes mutations and thromboembolism among Nigerian women using hormonal contraceptives.
Copyright (c) 2024 Obzzelu Progress, Emokpae Mathias, Erhabor Osaro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antimicrobial Effects of Sansevieria Zeylanica Extracts on Urinary Tract Infection Associated Pathogens Isolated from Students Attending a Tertiary Institution
Urinary tract infections usually develop in the lower urinary tract and if not properly treated, they ascend to the upper urinary tract, causing severe damage to the kidneys. Sansevieria zeylenica is a plant known to be rich in phenolic compounds, which may be responsible for its antibacterial activities against Uropathogens.The study was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of Sansevieria zeylenica extracts against isolate of UTI among students attending tertiary institution. A total of two hundred (200) urine samples were randomly collected from the students attending University of Benin into sterile universal containers and analyzed for the detection of Uropathogens using standard microbiological procedure while the leaf and root of Sansevieria zeylenica extraction was carried out with methanol using the Soxhlet apparatus. The antimicrobial activity against the isolates was determined using Agar well diffusion and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts against the isolates was determined using the microdilution method. Of the 200 participants studied, 23 (11.5%) had growth of four bacteria species associated with urinary tract infection; Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The activity of both leaf and root extracts was greater at 200mg/ml against E. coli and P. vulgaris isolates, but at 400mg/ml against S. aureus with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of the leaf extract as 8mg/ml, 4mg/ml, 8mg/ml, and >16mg/ml against E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, and P. aeruginosa, respectively. The association of leaf extract and Ampicillin increases the activity of Ampicillin, producing a greater zone of inhibition (26mm) against P. vulgaris compared to Ampicillin alone (21mm) and leaf extract alone (16mm) giving rise to a synergistic effect. Sansevieria zeylanica extracts in this study can control Urinary Tract Infection and may be combined with conventional antibiotics as a treatment for Uropathogens. Though, further investigation would be requiring for the molecular mechanism behind its antibacterial activity.
Antimicrobial effect, Antibiotics, methanol, Sansevieria zeylanica, Uropathogens
Copyright (c) 2023 Omoruyi Zainab, Abdullateef Olalekan, Egunjobi Oluwasegun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Logic-Based Reverse Analysis: A Covid-19 Surveillance Data Set Classification Problem
This study focuses on the application of formal logic systems to real-world problem-solving, specifically in the classification of the COVID-19 Surveillance Data Set (CSDS). The research introduces the integration of a random three satisfiability problem of Boolean logic into a Hopfield Neural Network (HNN) to obtain an optimal representation of Random kSatisfiability for CSDS classification. The primary goal is to utilize the optimization capabilities of the Lyapunov energy function in the HNN to extract logical relationships and identify significant features contributing to COVID-19 detection. The CSDS used in this study is sourced from the reputable UCI dataset, and the HNN's energy minimization mechanism is employed for logical mining. Computational simulations are performed with varying numbers of clauses to validate the efficacy of the proposed model in training the CSDS for classification purposes. The results showcase the efficiency and robustness of employing reverse analysis using k-satisfiability in conjunction with a Hopfield Neural Network. This approach successfully extracts dominant features related to the logical framework underlying the CSDS. By combining formal logic systems with the power of neural networks, this research offers insights into the correlation between logical rules and COVID-19 detection. The findings contribute to our understanding of how the HNN can effectively learn and classify data, opening avenues for enhanced classification techniques in the healthcare sector and other domains.
Hopfield Neural Network, Random Satisfiability, Logic Mining, Reverse Analysis, COVID-19 Surveillance Data Set (CSDS)
Copyright (c) 2023 Hamza Abubakar, Surajo Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seminal Plasma Bisphenol A Concentrations Among Men with Secondary and Primary Infertility
Background: The declining trend of male infertility have been attributed to some factors including environmental, lifestyle behaviors, and dietary habits. Bisphenol A (BPA) which is preponderance in the environment and in various products frequently used has been implicated in male infertility. It is not known whether the seminal fluid BPA concentrations differ among men with primary infertility and secondary infertility. This study was aimed at determining the seminal plasma BPA concentrations among men with secondary infertility and primary infertility and to associated their levels with duration of infertility. Materials and Methods: This was a cross‑sectional study of 145 men clinically diagnosed with primary infertility (n=80) and secondary infertility (n=65), and men with proven fertility (n=60) as controls. Semen analysis was done manually according World Health Organization guidelines and seminal plasma BPA was assayed using an Elisa kit. Chi square and Student’s t-test were used to analyze continuous data and discrete variables respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the association between seminal plasma BPA and duration of infertility, and a p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The seminal plasma BPA was significantly higher (p<0.001) among subjects with secondary infertility than those with primary infertility. Sperm count, total motility, progressive motility and normal morphology were lower among secondary infertility than primary infertility, but the mean differences were not significant (p>0.05) except viability which was significantly higher among primary infertility than secondary infertility (p<0.05). The multiple regression model indicates that, the ages of men (OR=3.26 95% CI 2.23-7.26) was independently associated with BPA concentrations among secondary infertility. The finding of higher BPA concentrations in seminal plasma of men with secondary infertility than primary infertility may be associated with age and not duration of marriage.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mathias Emokpae, Juliet Obialor, Loveth Emokpae https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Immune-nutritional indices in female Nigerian breast cancer patients with different tumour characteristics
Breast cancer presents varied and complex clinicopathological features which make its management individualistic, prolonged and expensive, thus the need to differentiate each type of breast cancer using cheap and easy to perform investigations. This study evaluated the differentiation potential of extensive immune-nutritional indices which combined serum C-reactive protein (CRP), haemoglobin, albumin levels, blood lymphocyte and platelet counts in breast cancer patients of different status. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-treatment Onodera’s prognostic nutritional index (OPNI), CRP-Albumin-Lymphocyte (CALLY) index and the Haemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte and Platelet (HALP) scores differ with breast cancer characteristics. We enrolled a total of 135 consecutive newly diagnosed breast cancer patients who were not on any treatment from Radiation Oncology Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Lymphocyte count, platelet count and haemoglobin levels were determined using auto-analyser while serum CRP and albumin levels were measured using ELISA. Immune-nutritional indices (OPNI, CALLY and HALP) were calculated. Haemoglobin concentration, serum albumin level, OPNI, CALLY and HALP were significantly decreased while serum CRP was significantly raised in breast cancer patients compared with control. Mean values of OPNI, CALLY and HALP were significantly decreased in late stage breast cancer patients compared with early stage breast cancer patients, while only CALLY was significantly decreased in poorly differentiated and metastatic breast cancer patients compared with well differentiated and non-metastatic breast cancer patients respectively. This study confirmed the presence of malnutrition and inflammation in breast cancer patients, especially late-stage, poorly differentiated and metastatic groups. This calls for monitoring of liver functions in all cases of breast cancer.
Breast cancer, Inflammation, Liver function tests, Nutritional status
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of the Possible Association Between Galectin and Apoptosis in Gastric Cancer Patients
Cancer is a type of disease that occurs as a result of the uncontrolled growth of cells, which has been very common in recent years, and some species have a poor prognosis. Galectin-3 is a multifunctional protein and is associated with the developmental process of tumors, including cell growth, adhesion, proliferation and metastasis. Galectin-3 has a broad effect on tumor development, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell adhesion, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Members of the BCLF-2 family are anti-apoptotic molecules required for the proteolytic degradation of the cell by caspases, which is the ultimate drive of programmed cell death, which plays a very important role in the regulation of the apoptotic pathway, ensures the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane and prevents the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria. NF-kB, which is one of the important factors in cancer formation, is found in the cytoplasm, and there is a correlation between the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interlukin (IL)-1b, and IL-8, and the high incidence of cancer. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., caspase-2, -8, -9 and -10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., caspase-3, -6, -7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell resulting in the apoptotic process. At least fourteen caspases have so far been implicated in human apoptotic pathway cascade. Among these, caspase-3 is considered to be a major executioner protease in apoptosis. To examine this mechanism in more detail, we aimed to examine the difference between Galectin, BCLF-2, Kaspase3, Kaspas 8, Nfkb levels before and after treatment in operable gastric cancer patients with the Elisa test. In this study, We observed a statistical increase in Galectin, BCLF-2, Kaspase3, Kaspas 8, Nfkb levels when the control group was compared with the preoperative group. There was a statistically significant increase in Galectin, BCLF-2, Nfkb, Caspase3, Caspase 8 levels in the preoperative group compared to the control. There is a statistical increased in Galectin, BCLF-2, Kaspase3, Kaspas 8, Nfkb levels in the postoperative group compared to the control. Although there was no statistical difference in Galectin, BCLF-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Nfkb levels between pre and postoperative groups, a significant decrease was observed in Galectin, BCLF-2, Nfkb levels. A very slight increase was observed in Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 levels. In conclusion, we think that Galectin-3 Bcl-2 and NF-kB may be markers for gastric cancer patients. We think that it is appropriate to conduct this study with more patient groups and a longer period.
Galectin, BCLF-2, Kaspase3, Kaspas 8, Nfkb
Copyright (c) 2023 Funda Kosova, Nurcan Umur, Bahadır Çetin, Özgü Kemal Beksaç https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microarray Gene Expression Data Generation and Pre-Processing of Moringa Oleifera Leaves for the Improvement of Medicinal Use
Moringa oleifera is a plant species belonging to the family name called Moringaceae widely cultivated for human use. This study aimed to generate microarray gene expression data from the leaves of the Moringa oleifera plant and explore the usage of some tools available in the Bioconductor R package for the quality control. Six (6) young Moringa Oleifera leaves (YMOL) samples and six (6) old Moringa oleifera leaves (OMOL) samples were collected from the plant and processed for microarray data generation. Microarray gene expression raw data from the leaves of the Moringa oleifera plants were generated, each in a CEL file format and the usage of some tools available in R programming Bioconductor open source and development software project were explored for the quality control of the data. Affycoretools were installed in the R environment for pre-processing of microarray raw data. AffyQCReport tools were used to generate a comprehensive quality control (QC) report for the microarray unnormalized raw data in PDF format. It is recommended that Gene chip robust multiarray analysis (GCRMA) method can be used for visual inspection, background correction, normalization and summarization of this microarray raw data. The normalized microarray raw data can be used through the genetic engineering to improve the Moringa oleifera plant medicinal values in order to solve some medical problems especially with patients suffering from diabetes and hypertension and also can be of enormous importance in the fields of pharmacy and medicine at large.
Microarray, Gene expression data, Moringa oleifera leaves, Bioconductor R package
Copyright (c) 2023 Umar Shittu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Seminal Plasma Creatine Kinase Activity and Malondialdehyde Concentration among Normozoospermia but Infertile Men
Background: Despite the considerable research efforts that have been made by Reproductive Biologists to understand the etiologies of male infertility, idiopathic male factor infertility still remains unexplained. It occurs in about 10% cases of infertility. Since the etiologies cannot be identified using routine semen analysis, it is important to identify cellular and sub-cellular sperm complications that may help to explain the cause(s) of the infertility, thus stimulate caregivers to direct the further work-up, diagnosis and counseling of affected individuals. The objective of this study was to determine seminal plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration among normozoospermia but infertile males. Materials and Methods: After routine semen analysis, seminal plasma CK activity and MDA were determined among 75 normozoospermia but infertile men and 50 men of proven fertility using spectrophotometric method. Unpaired Students-t-test and regression analysis were used to compare and associate CK activity and MDA concentration with sperm characteristics. Results: Significantly higher (p<0.001) level of MDA and CK activity were observed among infertile subjects than control group. Sperm count, percent motility, and viability were significantly lower (p<0.05) among study participants than control subjects. Similarly, percentage abnormal morphology was significantly higher (p<0.05) among infertile subjects than control group. The Odds of elevated CK activity to impair sperm motility, viability and morphology were 9.12(CI 102.6, 318.3), 3.18 (CI 129.9, 170.8) and 1.9 (CI 192.2, 208.1) times respectively higher among infertile group than controls. Similarly, the Odds of higher levels of MDA to impair sperm cell motility, viability and morphology were 5.02(CI 2.14, 4.6), 2.26(CI 2.34, 3.64) and 2.9 (CI 2.12, 3.73) times respectively higher among infertile group than control subjects. Conclusions: The seminal plasma CK activity and MDA constitute good indicators of functional metabolic activity and fertility potentials of spermatozoa among subjects with unexplained infertility.
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Marine sponge's biological activities: Their Biotechnological Uses
The most of the time, marine sponges are an invertebrate species found in the tropics, subtropics, and temperate zones of the oceans and seas. They are acknowledged as being among the most important sources of bioactive chemicals, which are found in marine habitats and can then be recovered from those settings. These bioactive chemicals are found in marine environments and can then be extracted from those environments. It is common knowledge that the chemicals that are extracted from these sponges demonstrate a wide range of bioactivities, such as antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, and general cytotoxicity. These bioactivities can be found in the isolated chemicals. In this article, we discuss the bioactive chemicals that have been found in marine sponges and their potential applications. These compounds have the potential to serve as antibacterial, antiviral, and antimalarial agents against human infections as well as fish pathogens in the aquaculture industry. In addition, these compounds may also operate as antifungal agents. Sponge organisms found in the ocean have also been shown to have these chemical compounds. This article discusses the importance of marine sponges to the fields of chemistry, microbiology, cell biology, and molecular biology from a biotechnological standpoint. Researchers of marine natural products have discovered new potential medications as a result of their efforts to exploit the remarkable chemical variety that can be found in sponges.
Sponges, chemical compounds, marine, antibacterial activity, bioactivities
Biodegradation of 2- Chlorobenzoic Acid and its other substitutes
Because of the widespread use of these halogenated organic compounds in agriculture and industry, considerable quantities of these compounds' byproducts are discharged into the environment. These chemicals are known as halogenated pesticides. There is one group that, based on the chemical structures of these compounds, is thought to be the most tenacious and poisonous of all the groups. This group is known as the group. A. hydrophila, which was shown to be capable of utilising chlorobenzoate chemicals as a carbon and energy source, was isolated from wastewater treatment plant effluent in Petra, Jordan. Different biodegradation rates (4-chlorobenzoic acid, 5 M/hr; 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, 15.5 M/hr; 2-chlorobenzoic acid, 41 M/hr; 3-chlorobenzoic acid, 65 M/hr) were used to achieve these capacities. The release of chloride, the disappearance of the substrate, and finally the development of bacterial cells on these substrates were used to monitor the ability to degrade. Analyses of the ortho or meta ring-cleavage of these aromatic compounds were conducted on A. hydrophila dioxygenases that were physiologically activated by chlorobenzoic acid compounds. The fact that only one 2-dioxygenase activity was found suggests that the ortho route is used for the cleavage. The optimal conditions for 2-CBA chemical breakdown were 3 mM substrate concentration, 25 oC, pH 7, and 200 l inoculum size. Differently from how they affected chloride and cell mass synthesis, the carbon sources had an impact on the breakdown of 2-CBA. Utilized nitrogen sources decreased 2-CBA's ability to degrade and its ability to release chlorine. However, the biodegradation between the 40 and 80 hours was slightly enhanced by the nitrogen source L-proline.
biodegradation, 2- chlorobenzoic acid, 3,4-CBA, Aeromonas hydrophila
Silver Nanoparticles' Therapeutic Antibacterial, Antiproliferative, and Toxicological Effects.
Silver nanoparticles, among others, have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Silver nanoparticles have suppressed dangerous microorganisms in medical and agricultural settings in several studies. Chemicals are harmful to humans and the environment, raising awareness of bioactive synthetic methods. These methods produce nanoparticles with better physicochemical qualities, stability, and toxicity. Biogenic nanoparticles can be made from bacterial and fungal byproducts that reduce and stabilize. Encapsulating these nanoparticles with biomolecules from the producing organisms may boost stability and biological activity. Nanoparticles' quick, clean, cheap, and ecological biologic manufacturing technique increases biocompatibility. Silver nanoparticles affect fish, algae, cell-based in vitro procedures, and microbes. Even though most of these studies were done quickly in well-regulated labs with much higher silver ion concentrations than in real life. Many silver types undergo long-term chemical transformation at extremely low levels (ng/L to g/L) in aquatic ecosystems. Thus, silver nanoparticles' environmental and health hazards need additional investigation. Recently detected antimicrobial silver at 10102 μg/mL. Multiple processes make silver nanoparticles dangerous. Basic (Ag0) and monovalent (Ag+) silver are most poisonous. Silver framework free ions affect silver toxicity. ROS damage DNA when elemental or zero-valent silver penetrates tissues. Packaged foods, contaminated water, swimming pools, antifouling, nasal and throat medicines, and other pharmaceuticals include silver nanoparticles. Consumption accumulates silver ions in subcutaneous fat. Prolonged exposure causes argyria-blue-gray skin. Silver inhibits Na+ and Cl absorption, disrupting electrolytes. Airborne silver nanoparticles may influence chronic pulmonary disease patients. Silver ions oxidize enzyme thiols, hindering electron transport and DNA replication. Ag+ rapidly damages DNA and RNA. Silver nanoparticle breakdown into silver ions creates germ-killing ROS. Silver nanoparticles are more hazardous than silver ions in the same atmosphere.
AgNPs, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles, antimicrobial activity
Current synthesis routes of thiazole and its derivatives and their broad spectrum therapeutic activity: A Review
Thiazole is an important nucleus owing to its wide range of medical uses. It contains components that are anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, anti-cancer, anti-allergic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-psychotic, as well as antioxidant, analgesic, and antimicrobial. The thiazole scaffold has been detected in the more than eighteen FDA-accepted medicines in addition to countless research compounds. A literature review on this themes was undertaken from 2015 to the present. Older publications were not investigated since they had already been peer reviewed.
Copyright (c) 2022 Nadeem Alam, Sarika Arora, Asiya Ibrahim, Pallavi Deval https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design, Formulation and Evaluation of Diclofenac Diethylamine Gel
The goal of this study was to produce a topical gel formulation of Diclofenac diethylamine using various gelling agents, such as carbopol 934, Sodium Carboxy methyl cellulose, and alovera extract, to reduce the gastrointestinal side effects associated with oral administration. Topical medication administration can be accomplished by integrating into the gel matrix, preventing first-pass metabolism and allowing for greater local action in anti-inflammatory and analgesic purpose. The gel formulations were tested for homogeneity, grittiness, viscosity, pH, spreadability, drug content, in vitro drug release and release kinetics. The effects of polymer composition on the rate of drug release from the gel formulations were examined through dialysis membrane at 37º ± 0.5ºC. The gel formulation consisting of alovera extract (F3) was found to be suitable for topical application based on in vitro evaluation. These results suggest the feasibility of the topical gel formulation of Diclofenac diethylamine.
Diclofenac diethylamine, Carbopol 934, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Alovera extract, Release Kinetics.
Copyright (c) 2022 Sudipta Das, Keya Sarkar, Baishali Ghosh, Chandrima Saha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serum Levels of Selected Cytokines in Male Nigerian Farm Workers Exposed to Dichlorvos Organophosphate Pesticide
Background: Dichlorvos Organophosphate Pesticide (DOP) is an occupational and environmental toxicant which has been classified as highly hazardous and carcinogenic. DOP has been associated with a number of immunocompromised effects as it interferes and interacts with the specific immunological functions. However, there is lack of information on the effects of DOP on serum cytokine levels in DOP users, thus, selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were therefore measured in adult male farmer workers exposed to DOP. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty adult male Farm Workers (FW) consisting of 60 Pesticide Applicators (PA) and 60 farmers exposed to DOP for not less than ten years were randomly enrolled into this study. Sixty apparently healthy adult males without occupational exposure to DOP served as controls. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)] and anti-inflammatory cytokines [interleukins (IL)-4 and IL-10] were determined using ELISA. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Post-Hoc and Pearson correlation coefficient. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: The serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were significantly higher in FW compared with the controls while the serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly higher in PA compared with the farmers. IL-4 had significant positive correlation with IFN-ϒ in farm workers, PA and farmers exposed to DOP but IL-4 had significant positive correlation with TNF-α in farmers only. Conclusion: There is a balanced pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in farm workers with long term exposure to DOP which regulates the pathogenicity of DOP exposure.
Cytokines; Farmers; Occupational exposure; Organophosphate pesticides; Pesticide applicators
Copyright (c) 2022 Surajudeen Yaqub, Sheu Kadiri Rahamon, Olatunbosun Arinola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biodegradation of Chlorobenzoic Acid Substitutes, Particularly, 2- Chlorobenzoic Acid by Aeromonas hydrophila
Bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) was isolated from the Petra Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent in southern Jordan. It was identified by using morphological and biochemical characteristics. A. hydrophila was found to be able of using chlorobenzoate compounds as carbon and energy source. These capabilities were with different biodegradation rates (4- chlorobenzoic acid 5µM/hr, 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid 15.5µM/hr, 2- chlorobenzoic acid 41µM/hr and 3- chlorobenzoic acid 65µM/hr). The degradation ability was monitored through the release of chloride, disappearance of the substrate and finally the growth of bacterial cells on these substrates. A. hydrophila dioxygenases physiologically induced by chlorobenzoic acid compounds, were analyzed for both ortho or meta ring-cleavage of these aromatic compounds. Only 1, 2-dioxygenase activity was detected which suggest that the cleavage is through the ortho pathway. The best results of degradation of 2-CBA compound were obtained with 3mM substrate concentration, 25ºC, pH 7and 200µl inoculum size. The carbon sources affected the 2-CBA degradation differently from that on chloride and cell mass production. Nitrogen sources used reduced the degradation activity of the 2-CBA as well as in the chlorine release from 2-CBA. However, the nitrogen source L-proline had a slight enhancement effect on the biodegradation between the 40-80h.
biodegradation, 2- chlorobenzoic acid, 3,4-CBA, Aeromonas hydrophila,
Copyright (c) 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using 3,4-dichloro benzoic acid as growth substrate by Brevibacterium spp: Effect of some growth conditions
Brevibacterium spp.that was already isolated from wastewater treatment plant of Petra City, Jordan. While 1 and 2 mM of 3,4-dichloro benzoic acid (3,4-DCBA) were used, the biodegradation rate was 14.5 and 21.25 µM/h, respectively, and the remaining was 58% for both. The remaining ratio to the quantity of 3,4-DCBA used was taken in consideration, as a result, 1 mM concentration of 3,4-DCBA substrate was applied for the rest of experiments because of the remaining amount is 0.58 mM 3,4-DCBA while 1.15 mM remained from 2mM concentration used. Thereafter, Brevibacterium spp was grown in batch cultures using M9 minimal media plus 1 mM concentrations of 3,4-DCBA as carbon and energy source. 3,4-DCBA degradation was optimally achieved at a 37 oC incubation temperature, a pH of 7.0 and an agitation rate of 150 rpm. During carbon starvation, the increased biodegradation potential of Brevibacterium spp. was accompanied by a lessening in the acclimatization period besides enhancement of the biodegradation completion of 3,4-DCBA. The adaptation to 3,4-DCBA not only increased the degradation rate but also managed to reduce the time required for complete 3,4-DCBA degradation from 80 to nearly 40 hours. In conclusion, the acclimatized period, and carbon starvation and other optimal conditions were key factors for the enhancement of the degradation ability of 3,4-DCBA by Brevibacterium spp.
Biodegradation, Brevibacterium spp., Starvation, Adaptation
Effect of Copper Chemical Form on The Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Burned Patients and on Its Cu Uptake
The main object of this investigation was to shed light on the information on the level of Cu uptake by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that has been previously isolated from patients using Gram-negative E. aerogenes ans a Gram-positive Bacillus thuringiensis as a control for Cu uptake measurements. Cu uptake data showed that maximum Cu uptake was obtained by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The metal uptake was dependent on the type of biosorbent with different accumulation affinities toward the tested chemical form of the copper. Cells harvested at exponential growth phase showed slightly higher Cu uptake than at stationary phase, which reflect that the Cu uptake is metabolism dependent-process. The increasing order of affinity of the cupric chloride and cupric sulphate towards the three genera were almost constant. However, where cupric nitrate was used, the copper uptake behavior in Pseudomonas aeroginosa was not changed from those results with the other two chemical forms, whereas with E. aerogenes & B. thuringiensis, different Cu uptake behaviors were observed. In B. thuengenesis, the copper uptake rate as a function of initial Cu concentration were shown to increase with increasing the initial concentration of Cu, constantly above 320 ppm as compared with others. In Enterobacter with cupric nitrate, different bahavior was also shown in which the copper uptake decline sharply beyond the 320 ppm. These results reflect that the Cu uptake in P. aeruginosa is with different mechanisms as compared with other tested bacteria.
Cu uptake, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacterial growth, Chemical forms of copper